I upvoted this answer but then discovered that it does not actually set current size to zero, so the old content still visible: I'm not so sure this would work, because of the same reasons bernhardrusch's wouldn't work. I have since gotten it working. Q) Detect if two integers have opposite signs? A method is a byte sequence that matches the method token production.. A CORS-safelisted method is a method that is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `POST`.. A forbidden method is a method that is a byte-case-insensitive match for `CONNECT`, `TRACE`, or `TRACK`. Was the ZX Spectrum used for number crunching? Consider the following statements. C# is a statically typed language like C and C++. it means "are you empty?" so now if we subtract 1 from the mask (mask = mask 1), then we will get 00000111. why are we doing the -(a>1). The EX-OR of sign bit (MSB) of a and b will be 1 if the MSB of a and b is different. Beyond Security is proud to be part of Fortras comprehensive cybersecurity portfolio. You can clear the error state and empty the stringstream all in one line. This would re-allocate the buffer every time while mm.str("") would not. Here, I am writing a small algorithm to check the power of 2. By default, the value of the first name is 0, the second name has the value 1, and the third has the value 2, and so on. not "please throw away your contents". To clear all bits of a data from LSB to the ith bit, we have to perform AND operation between data and mask (flag) having LSB to ith bit 0. Oh boy is this intuitive. The extra buffer needed for the payload (513 bytes). In this question, you need to count flipped bits that require to convert A to B. Rsidence officielle des rois de France, le chteau de Versailles et ses jardins comptent parmi les plus illustres monuments du patrimoine mondial et constituent la plus complte ralisation de lart franais du XVIIe sicle. how to clear the content in the String stream.? C (pronounced like the letter c) is a middle-level, general-purpose computer programming language.It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential.By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. Extra character from StringStream to String in C++, stringstream >> operator does not take the next line. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers, protocol stacks, though decreasingly for Let num is 00001000 00001100, after the above expression, it will be 00001100 00001000. We know that for the same input EX-OR produces the low output and for the different input it produces the high output. Agree The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. The >> (right shift) in C or C++ takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first operand, the second operand decides the number of places to shift. We are storing "64" in an unsigned char variable (64 is small value and can be stored with in a Byte) and "FAFA" in the int variable. A function template behaves like a function except that the template can have arguments of many different types When I want to re use original ss. Right shifting of a data (number) by 1 is equivalent to data/2. In the left rotation, the bits that fall off at the left end are put back at the right end and in the right rotation, the bits that fall off at the right end are put back at the left end. You can refer to a function's arguments inside that function by using its arguments object. The general form of an enumeration type is . Same goes for assigning a default-constructed stream. In data, every bit is a power of 2, with each right shift we are reducing the value of each bit by a factor of 2. if a file stream has the error state set to eofbit (end-of-file), then calling clear() will set the error state back to goodbit (no error). Q) Swap two numbers without using a temporary variable? One small request after done one sample code please try to put output screen short also its better clear it. Basically, bit rotation is similar to the shift operation except that in shift operation the bits that fall off at one end are put back to the other end. The C++ programming language includes these functions; however, the operators new and delete provide similar functionality and If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface. When would I give a checkpoint to my D&D party that they can return to if they die? As similar to left rotation, if data is stored using 8 bits, then the right rotation of the data 32(00100000) by 2 becomes 8 (00001000). Methods. const type variable = value; member type definition notes; value_type: The first template parameter (T)Type of the elements: container_type: The second template parameter (Container)Type of the underlying container: size_type @anthropod Yes that was last year. It swaps an empty for me. For convenience, threadIdx is a 3-component vector, so that threads can be identified using a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional thread index, forming a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional block of threads, called a thread block. Q) Count number of bits to be flipped to convert A to B. It's not good for all situation. struct k{int a:1int :2 /*2*/int b:3int c:2}; 12. Here I have supposed data is stored using 8 bits. bit. The extraneous size has to do with the allocation strategy chosen by the stream and for payloads <= 8 bytes, blocks inside the initial object can be used. The above representation of date takes 12 bytes on a compiler whereas an unsigned int takes 4 bytes. For example, warn if an unsigned variable is compared against zero with < or >=. Let the input number is data (Assuming integer size is 4 bytes). Bitwise XOR (^) operator use to toggle the bit of an integral data type. To accomplish the above task you need to first find the even and odd bits then shift these bits. one issue in bitwise maximum and minimum of a number??? Declaration of bit-fields in C . Variable capture in lambdas can be a source of dangling-pointer bugs, particularly if a lambda escapes the current scope. Given the memory allocation that string stream requires, I can imagine this approach being often faster. [HTTPVERBSEC1], [HTTPVERBSEC2], [HTTPVERBSEC3] To normalize a method, if it is a byte-case-insensitive Left shift all odd bits ((data & 0x55555555)<<1). These do not discard the data in the stringstream in gnu c++. To clear the nth bit, first, you need to invert the string of bits then AND it with the number. result = a ^ ((a ^ b) & -(a < b)); // max(a, b) Each enumerator is a constant whose type is the enumeration. Why do we use perturbative series if they don't converge? Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? This algorithm uses the eight constant value for reversing the bits and takes five simple steps. This post is meant to be used as a FAQ regarding implicit integer promotion in C, particularly implicit promotion caused by the usual arithmetic conversions and/or the integer promotions. That means that every variable and constant gets a fixed type when it is being declared. en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream/flush. The arguments object is a local variable available within all non-arrow functions. The value of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. For all the standard library types the member function empty() is a query, not a command, i.e. Following table lists down seven basic C++ data types , Several of the basic types can be modified using one or more of these type modifiers . In the below section, I am describing the functioning of each step. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. 2.2.1. data = data & mask; // Now bits are clear from LSB to ith position. The one liner in this answer does both. So the ASCII value 97 will be converted to a character value, i.e. My primary use-case for flushing a stringstream object is keeping a threadlocal stringstream object around to prevent unecessary instantiation of the stringstream -- instantiating a new stringstream object copies the global locale object -- theoretically this is quick and only involved incrementing an atomic, but at the level of concurrency I deal with it's often crippling. Is it correct to say "The glue on the back of the sticker is dying down so I can not stick the sticker to the wall"? Just like everything else about C++! Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well).. An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or . However, std::stringstream::swap is a c++11 feature and this solution doesn't work for prior c++11 compilers. num = (((num & 0xcccccccc) >> 2) | ((num & 0x33333333) << 2)); Above expression uses to swap the 2 bits of a nibble. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. computation. What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable? Q) Write a program to check an integer is a power of 2? It is still used to route most Internet traffic today, even with the Using this concept the compiler can understand that what type of data is in a variable during taking input using the scanf() function and printing using printf() function. @KshitijBanerjee I think in C++ m.str() and m.str("") are two different functions. I am an embedded c software engineer and a corporate trainer, currently, I am working as senior software engineer in a largest Software consulting company . For clearing the contents of a stringstream, using: is technically more efficient, because you avoid invoking the std::string constructor that takes const char*. The first one declares a variable of type int with the identifier a.The second one declares a variable of type float with the identifier mynumber.Once declared, the variables a and mynumber can be used within the rest of their scope in the program. Thank you for posting these questions with a detailed reply. It then looks for the first case clause whose expression evaluates to the same value as the result of the input expression (using the strict comparison, ===) and transfers control to that clause, executing all statements following that clause.. Of the C integer types, only int should be used. Q) Write an Efficient C Program to Reverse Bits of a Number? To check the nth bit, shift the 1 nth position toward the left and then AND it with the number. , struct bs{unsigned a:4unsigned :0 /**/unsigned b:4 /**/unsigned c:4}, a440b4c4, 2. An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. Using the mask, now we can clear MSB to ith bits of data (15). There are three kinds of templates: function templates, class templates and, since C++14, variable templates.Since C++11, templates may be either variadic or non-variadic; in earlier versions of C++ they are always non-variadic.. Function templates. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. In terms of program semantics, one may only care that the stream "appears" and "behaves" as empty, similar to how a vector::clear may leave the capacity untouched but render the vector empty to the user (of course vector would spend just 16 bytes here). if at some level k the P2 is more cv-qualified than P1 or there is an array type of known bound in P1 and an array type of unknown bound in P2 (since C++20), then there must be a const at every single level (other than level zero) of P2 up until k: cv 2 1, cv 2 2 cv 2 k.; same rules apply to multi-level pointers to members and multi-level mixed pointers to objects and pointers We are also using sizeof() operator to get size of various data types. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? A switch statement first evaluates its expression. Number &= ~ (1<< nth Position) In naive approach requires one iteration per bit until no more bits are set. A metadata file used with the InnoDB transportable tablespace feature. The first overload is called when only the format string is passed and there is no parameter expansion. Here's an experimental proof: When the demo is compiled with address sanitizer, memory usage is revealed: Pretty steep if you ask me. There are two kinds of types: value types and reference types. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Hey hi .. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. Let the given integers are a and b. result = a ^ 0; // OR-ing with 0 does not effect. Q) Clear all bits from MSB to the ith bit, Q) Multiply a number by 2 using bitwise operation, Q) Divide a number by 2 using bitwise operation, Q) Multiply a given Integer with 3.5 using bitwise operation. That would be cleared by .clear() which is specified in the OP. AND of two bits is always zero if any one of them is zero. In this method, we will check the set bits of num and run the loop through all the bits of an integer. Do non-Segwit nodes reject Segwit transactions with invalid signature? C.cfg file. Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. How do you clear a stringstream variable? IPv4 was the first version deployed for production on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983. Your email address will not be published. An enumerated type declares an optional type name and a set of zero or more identifiers that can be used as values of the type. The list of names is comma separated. disclaimer. Syntax: unsigned char [variable_name] = [value] Example: unsigned char ch = 'a'; Initializing an unsigned char: Here we try to insert a char in the unsigned char variable with the help of ASCII value. What is the highest level 1 persuasion bonus you can have? - AticleWorld, Top 11 structure padding questions in C - AticleWorld, structure padding and memory alignment. Your email address will not be published. Now if we minus 1 from that, all the bits from 0 to i become 1 and remaining bits become 0. unsigned int variable_name; Example: unsigned int a; Explanation: In the above example, the variable a can hold the values only zero and positive values. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order. You may like to store information of various data types like character, wide character, integer, floating point, double floating point, boolean etc. Save wifi networks and passwords to recover them after reinstall OS. The constructed string stream (392 bytes). There are many other answers that "work", but they often do unnecessary copies or reallocate memory. Q) Compute the minimum (min) or maximum (max) of two integers without branching? Technical overview. Finally note that it's rarely useful to clear the stream without clearing the error state and all inherited state. I have already written this program in endianness conversion. While writing program in any language, you need to use various variables to store various information. a and it will be inserted in unsigned char. Why is reading lines from stdin much slower in C++ than Python? ( a ). Here, each of the N threads that execute VecAdd() performs one pair-wise addition.. 2.2. Q) How to check if a particular bit is set in C? Count the set bits of the above calculated XOR result. The format specifiers are used in C for input and output purposes. To accomplish this task you need to find the number of bits that are different in A and B. Steps 2: Any valid C variable name is acceptable, including names already defined in the surrounding code. Not the answer you're looking for? UInt32: unsigned integer 0 through 4,294,967,295 32-bit (4-byte) 0: ulong: It has entries for each argument the function was called with, with the first entry's index at 0.. For example, if a function is passed 3 arguments, you can access them as follows: Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. The above expression uses to swap the half-word of an integer. Guest Article result = a ^ ((a ^ b) & -(0)); C flag clear or unsigned less than mi. m.str() might have been implemented as a. (2 hours of trial and error and google searches), btw, using each line on their own would not do the trick. You should always use those in preference to short, unsigned long long and the like, when you need a guarantee on the size of an integer. Since we know that the value of d is always from 1 to 31, and the value of m is from 1 to 12, we can optimize the space using bit fields. Now just simply perform anding operation between mask and data to get the desired result. Here, the enum-name is the enumeration's type name. There are a lot of ways to count the number of bits in a given integer, here I am writing two approachesnaive and Brian Kernighans. Here, blue will have a value of 6 because each name will be one greater than the one that precedes it. To create a mask, first left-shift 1 (i+1) times. Means that if the num is 0000000011001110 1000100100000110 after the above result number will be 1000100100000110 0000000011001110. looking more interview question and answers like this type examples and keep it up. The MSB bit of a number defines their sign. In an output stringstream, you need a flush() to reinitialize it, as in any other output stream. It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. It is a simple algorithm to reverse bits of the 32-bit integer. - AticleWorld, SPI Interview Questions,You should know - AticleWorld, C# Interview Questions and Answers,You Need To Know - AticleWorld, Embedded System Interview Questions with Answers - AticleWorld, 5 ways to check if two integers have opposite signs. So I hope you will enjoy these tricky bitwise operators questions in C and you will learn new things about bitwise operators. Let the given integers are a and b. Combine the value which gets from the left and right operation ((data & 0xAAAAAAAA)>>1 | (data & 0x55555555)<<1). Blog Posts In other words, we can say, EX-OR of a and b will be negative if a and b have the opposite signs. Q) How do I get a bit from an integer value in C? - AticleWorld, Token Pasting Operator in c, you should know - AticleWorld, Difference Between High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) - AticleWorld, What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS (HTTP vs HTTPS)? Get all odd bits of data by doing bitwise and (&) of data with 0x55555555 (data & 0x55555555). So here I have tried to create a collection of Interview questions on bitwise operators in C. I have spent many hours creating these C bitwise operators interview questions. Example: The clear() member function is inherited from ios and is used to clear the error state of the stream, e.g. Following is the example, which will produce correct size of various data types on your computer. - AticleWorld, Difference between Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) - AticleWorld, Understanding Linear Regression - AticleWorld, Active, Reactive and Apparent Power - AticleWorld, Advantage of virtual memory in operating system - AticleWorld, Difference between Active and Reactive Power (Active vs Reactive) - AticleWorld, Understanding volatile qualifier in C - AticleWorld, Application of volatile and const keywords in C - AticleWorld, Difference between UART and USART(UART vs USART) - AticleWorld, Portable Fixed Width Integer types in C99 - AticleWorld, Macros for Bit Manipulation in C/C++ - AticleWorld, I2C Protocol,bus and Interface: A Brief Introduction - Aticleworld, Socket programming in c using TCP/IP - Aticleworld, #define SET_BIT(value, pos) value |= (1U<< pos), #define CLEAR_BIT(value, pos) value &= ~(1U<< pos), #define TOGGLE_BIT(value, pos) value ^= (1U<< pos), #define CHECK_BIT_IS_SET_OR_NOT(value, pos) value & (1U<< pos). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); About N flag clear or plus vs. V flag set or signed overflow vc. num = (((num & 0xaaaaaaaa) >> 1) | ((num & 0x55555555) << 1)); This expression used to swap the bits. To hold just 16bytes of payload, we spent 905 bytes string streams are no toy. Otherwise you can get problems if at some point you fill the stringstream with an empty string. If the MSB bit is set, the number will be negative. Here is a list of format specifiers. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. -Wabsolute-value (C and Objective-C only) Warn for calls to standard functions that compute the absolute value of an argument when a more appropriate standard function is available. In the below image, you can see the conversion. In data, every bit is a power of 2, with each shift we are increasing the value of each bit by a factor of 2. This answer's primary goal is to actually clear the string stream, given that memory consumption that comes with it is no joke. Left shifting of a data (number) by 1 is equivalent to data*2. Swapping streams means that you need to discard one of them, wasting the memory allocation. But suppose you have a signed two's complement number, x, that is stored using only b bits. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. . Example. How do I set, clear, and toggle a single bit? Steps 3: C but the two lines of code below finally cleared up the stringstream variable everytime before filling up the string variable. unsigned integer 0 through 65,535 16-bit (2-byte) 0: uint: System. These bitwise operations clear the least significant. num = (((num & 0xff00ff00) >> 8) | ((num & 0x00ff00ff) << 8)); This statement uses to swap the bytes of an integer. And how is it going to affect C++ programming? - AticleWorld, How to find the size of structure in C without using sizeof? So to compute the minimum number we have to write the below expression. Steps 4: How do I iterate over the words of a string? num = (((num & 0xf0f0f0f0) >> 4) | ((num & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4)); An expression used to swaps the nibbles. This should be the most reliable way regardless of the compiler: this seemed to work for me in xcode and dev-c++, I had a program in the form of a menu that if executed iteratively as per the request of a user will fill up a stringstream variable which would work ok the first time the code would run but would not clear the stringstream the next time the user will run the same code. I have enjoyed the questions and answers.. Hey, The EX-OR of sign bit (MSB) of a and b will be 1 if the MSB of a and b is different. It is produced by the command FLUSH TABLES FOR EXPORT, puts one or more tables in a consistent state that can be copied to another server.The .cfg file is copied along with the corresponding .ibd file, and used to adjust the internal values of the .ibd file, such as the space ID, during the ALTER The size of variables might be different from those shown in the above table, depending on the compiler and the computer you are using. The EX-OR of sign bit (MSB) of a and b will be 1 if the MSB of a and b is different. Language lawyers, feel free to pitch in. Image Processing: Algorithm Improvement for 'Coca-Cola Can' Recognition. Perform bitwise operation and assign the value back to the n. Thread Hierarchy . Steps 1: For example, the following code defines an enumeration of colors called colors and the variable c of type color. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. After that perform complement operation on the mask, all the bits from 0 to i become 0 and remaining bits become 1. This is the most efficient and most elegant way to do it compared to all other answers here. Why doesn't Stockfish announce when it solved a position as a book draw similar to how it announces a forced mate? It is techniques to find the larger number without the branching. As well as a list of columns, the module arguments passed to a CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement used to create an FTS table may be used to specify a tokenizer.This is done by specifying a string of the form "tokenize= " in place of a column name, where is the name of the tokenizer to use and is an like if num is 0011 0010 then after the above expression it will be 0010 0011. Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. Q) Write MACRO to swap the bytes in 32bit Integer Variable. But any compiler these days should be able to generate the same code in both cases - so I would just go with whatever is more readable. Sizeof operator in C - The sizeof operator is the most common operator in C. It is a compile-time unary operator and used to compute the size of its operand. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. Q) Write the macros to set, clear, toggle and check the bit of a given integer. Like the assembly in C language, there is no operator to rotate the bits, so if we require rotating a bit, then we have to do it manually. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). Following are the examples of valid variable names in a C program: height or HEIGHT _height _height1 My_name. If a number is a power of 2, the flag will be 1. If data is stored using 8 bits, then the left rotation of a data 32(00100000) by 2 becomes 128 (10000000). How do I profile C++ code running on Linux? You are looking for Bitwise Operators in C interview questions or tricky Bitwise Operators in C interview questions, then you are at the right place. It is a very easy question, here << (left shift) and >> (right shift) operators are used to swap the nibble. If there are no set bits remaining then return CountSetBits. Stringstream is a stream, so its iterators are forward, cannot return. The canonical way to clear the string stream would be: The canonical way to get the size of the data in the stream's buffer is: The canonical way to copy the data from the stream to some other preallocated buffer and then clear it would then be: I intend this to be a canonical answer. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. The two integers have different signs if their MSB (bit) is different. It seems that in first solution for program reversing bits of a number MSB will not be reversed. Value and representation. As galath said it is very important also to add m.clear(); in addition to m.str("");. Clear would be operating on the string returned from the stream, not the stream itself. m.str() invokes a function which didn't expect any parameter whereas m.str("") will invoke the function which accepts a const char* parameter. Here is what happens when you forget the "clear()" part. What does it mean? rev2022.12.11.43106. To get the ith bit, perform Anding operation between the ith bit and 1 (1 << i) after that shift the result ith position in right using the right operation. C flag set or unsigned greater than equal cc lo. Did neanderthals need vitamin C from the diet? unsigned char a=0x64; unsigned char b=0xFAFA; Printing the number in Hexadecimal format. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Bitwise OR operator (|) use to set a bit of integral data type.OR of two bits is always one if any one of them is one. N flag set or minus pl. Lets assume a and b are integers numbers and result is another integer variable that contains the result of the If we find the ith bits of num is set then just put 1 at the ((INT_BITS 1) ith ) position of tmp, where INT_BITS is the number of bits of an integer. Let an example, suppose num is 0100, after the above expression it will be 1000. I have got the response to create a list of interview questions on bitwise operators in C. But agree with the bit-wise operation. excellent sir..nice way to explanation,,its very helpfull for me.,,,,can you please share more and more programs,,,,, Really nice qns and ansvery usefulthanks, In the solution, no application of bitwsie opertaors, It would be good if we can use bitwise operators here. The below example defines a function similar to std::printf, that replace each occurrence of the character % in the format string with a value.. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. good to have similar posts for ARM, Booting process and linux. Interview Questions On bitwise Operators C, Interview Questions On Memory Allocation C, Machine Learning, Data Science and Deep Learning, Statistics for Data Science, Data and Business Analysis, Operator Precedence And Associativity In C. 10 questions about dynamic memory allocation. What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked. If you enable method2 as suggested in the comments or other answers, you can see that all 905 bytes are in use by the time we exit. Why is Singapore currently considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy by different publications? The clause values are only evaluated when necessary if a match is already found, Variable b evaluates to false if unsigned char has a size of 8 bits. Creating an enumeration requires the use of the keyword enum. Bitwise AND operator (&) use to clear a bit of integral data type. C dynamic memory allocation refers to performing manual memory management for dynamic memory allocation in the C programming language via a group of functions in the C standard library, namely malloc, realloc, calloc, aligned_alloc and free.. In the above question, you need to swap the even and odd bits. data = data & mask; // Now bits are clear. This warning is also enabled by -Wextra. - AticleWorld, How to set, clear or toggle a single bit in C/C++? Perfect to revise all bitwise operations. Memory is allocated in two parts: If you enable method 1 (the one shown in this answer) the extra 513 (payload) bytes are reclaimed, because the stream is actually cleared. In my previous post, I have created a collection of c interview questions and embedded c interview questions that are liked by many people. C++ offers the programmer a rich assortment of built-in as well as user defined data types. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Is there a higher analog of "category with all same side inverses is a groupoid"? This is better in my opinion because m.str(""); caused my stringstream to be stuck with that empty value whatever I tried. Get all even bits of data by doing bitwise and (&) of data with 0xAAAAAAAA (data & 0xAAAAAAAA). int iNumberLopp should be set to INT_BITS (not INT_BITS -1); I see most of interview questions covered on bit-wise operators. Sign extending from a constant bit-width Sign extension is automatic for built-in types, such as chars and ints. 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