The operator ~= is exactly the negation of equality (==). Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. Template argument deduction is used when selecting user-defined conversion function template arguments. The order operators work as follows. DATA text TYPE c LENGTH 255. To do that, use a cast expression. As conditional operator works on three operands, so it is also known as the ternary operator. It is not useful for executing the statements when the statements are multiple, whereas the 'if-else' statement proves more suitable when executing multiple statements. // P = const T&, adjusted to const T, A = bool: // deduced T = bool, deduced A = const bool, // deduced T = int, deduced A = const int*, // qualification conversion applies (from int* to const int*). is compatible with the data type type, CONV does not need to be used and a syntax check warning is usually produced. However, compound types can include both deduced and non-deduced type names. DATA text TYPE c LENGTH 255. You can make a tax-deductible donation here. While coercion can be helpful sometimes, it can cause unexpected errors, especially when comparing values with the loose equality operator. We saw that pointer values may be assigned to pointers of same type. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. The types include attributes that describe the underlying type. If deduction fails or is ambiguous for any P/A pair or if different pairs yield different deduced template arguments, or if any template argument remains neither deduced nor explicitly specified, compilation fails. "An example of PHP's automatic type conversion is the multiplication operator '*'. Generally, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session. The pictorial representation of the above syntax is shown below: Let's understand the ternary or conditional operator through an example. RFC 7231 HTTP/1.1 Semantics and Content June 2014 Media types are defined in Section 3.1.1.1.An example of the field is Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-4 A sender that generates a message containing a payload body SHOULD generate a Content-Type header field in that message unless the intended media type of the enclosed representation is unknown to the For information about how to define a custom explicit or implicit type conversion, see User-defined conversion operators. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. The is operator checks if the run-time type of an expression is compatible with a given type. Template argument deduction is used during overload resolution, when generating specializations from a candidate template function. WITH EMPTY KEY. EN; FR; ES; PT Type conversion can either be implicit (automatically done during code execution) or explicit (done by you the developer). The type is of T *, not T. Therefore you cannot assign a int * to an int without a cast. Values in JavaScript can be of different types. This operator does a strict check that is, it strictly checks the values compared, as well as the types. This is an example of coercion where the type of one value is coerced to fit the other so that the operation can continue. ENDMETHOD. Program3.cpp What happens here is coercion. I'll explain what coercion is in this article. // P = std::initializer_list, A = {13}: // deduced U = int, the type of l is std::initializer_list, // (before N3922 x2 and x3 were both std::initializer_list), // deduced U = int, the return type of f is int. The is operator checks if the run-time type of an expression result is compatible with a given type. Coercion is an automatic type conversion that occurs in JavaScript when you want to perform certain operations. DATA str TYPE string. The expression &a[1] yields the address of a[1]. In type casting, a data type is converted into another data type by a programmer using casting operator. This page was last modified on 18 October 2022, at 02:19. Individual language compilers can then implement this operator using their own syntax, or a member of the Convert class can be called to perform the conversion. where E is an expression that returns a value and T is the name of a type or a type parameter, produces the same result as. comparison rules for character-like data types, CONV - Type Inference for Actual Parameters. Let's look at their differences. At run time, an explicit conversion might not succeed and a cast expression might throw an exception. For more information, see User-defined conversion operators. It checks if values are equal. The typeof operator obtains the System.Type instance for a type. Abstract This document defines constructor functions, operators, and functions on the datatypes defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition] and the datatypes defined in [XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) 3.1].It also defines functions and operators on nodes and node sequences as defined in the [XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) 3.1]. But since a string (in this case, "hello") is converted to a number (which is NaN) and that number is multiplied by 35, the final result is NaN. ENDIF. If the conversion isn't possible, the as operator returns null. DATA int TYPE i. int = sqrt( 5 ) + sqrt( 6 ). Example Even though the internal table itab in the method meth1 has the same row type as the table type of the parameter para of the method meth2, it cannot be passed directly due to its different table category and key. What are cases where you need to do this? Again, this is where one value is converted to the type that fits the other, before the comparison occurs. METHODS meth1. If only one succeeds, that successful deduction is used. If the frontend wishes to observe a particular value following a cast, operator::delete, and _ZnwmSt11align_val_t for aligned ::operator::new and ::operator::delete. As the name implies, type conversion is the process of converting a value from one type to another. For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate.R, S and T stand for any type(s), and K for a class type or enumerated type.. Arithmetic operators. Developer Advocate and Content Creator passionate about sharing my knowledge on Tech. The conditional statements are the decision-making statements which depends upon the output of the expression. Unlike a cast expression, the as operator never throws an exception. METHODS meth2 IMPORTING para TYPE t_itab. In this case, using the + sign with a number and a string, the number is coerced to a string, then the + sign is used for a concatenation operation. When possible, the compiler will deduce the missing template arguments from the function arguments. In both cases, you can use the underlying type. As we know that the behavior of conditional operator and 'if-else' is similar but they have some differences. What I mean here is 20, a value of a number type, and "20", a value of the string type, are equal when you use double equality: Though the types are not equal, the operator returns true because the values are equal. If we provide the age of user below 18, then the output would be: If we provide the age of user above 18, then the output would be: As we can observe from the above two outputs that if the condition is true, then the statement1 is executed; otherwise, statement2 will be executed. The as operator considers only reference, nullable, boxing, and unboxing conversions. // OK: the template argument is not deduced, // argument type is int& in struct X's template declaration, // OK (with CWG 2091): deduces R to refer to n, // P = A, A = A: deduced TT = B, calls f(A), // same rules as for calling f(1 + 2) where f is, // deduced U = int, the type of x is const int&. Let's observe the output of the above program. second case, CONV converts each intermediate result to the calculation type i. The following example demonstrates the usage of the as operator: As the preceding example shows, you need to compare the result of the as expression with null to check if the conversion is successful. Example. A trailing parameter pack that is not otherwise deduced, is deduced to an empty parameter pack. The unary operator & yields the address of its operand. You could have a number, string, object, boolean you name it. I think you mean to define the variables as pointers to int, not just ints. The conversion rules of 2.2.1 do not apply to equality comparisons. All the resulting types must be the same and become the actual return type. The dynamic erasure of a type C is type property, event, or indexer, the return type of a method or operator, and the parameter types of a method, indexer, operator, or instance constructor. // instantiates convert(float). // P = std::array, A = std::array: // 2 * N is non-deduced context, N cannot be deduced, // note: f(std::array a) would be able to deduce N, // P1 = const std::vector&, A1 = std::vector lvalue, // P2 = const F&, A2 = std::less rvalue, // P2 is non-deduced context for F (template parameter) used in the. Also, using TypeScript can help you avoid unpredicted errors as you can ensure that variables are the data types that you want them to be. You also use parentheses to call a method or invoke a delegate. Said differently, the conversion to or from the non-integral type depends on environmental state in an implementation defined manner. DATA txt TYPE abap_bool. If there is no match or more than one match (after overload resolution), the placement deallocation function is not called (memory leak may occur): Alias templates are not deduced , except in class template argument deduction (since C++20): Type deduction does not consider implicit conversions (other than type adjustments listed above): that's the job for overload resolution, which happens later. Let's consider an example to convert the float data type into int type using the cast operator of the explicit conversion in C++ language. Here, we use times * for a number and a string. If a constructor expression with the conversion operator is used as a source field of an assignment where the same conversion takes place, it can be ignored and is removed when the program is compiled. The parameter P is obtained as follows: in T, the declared type of the variable that includes auto, every occurrence of auto is replaced with an imaginary type template parameter U or, if the initialization is copy-list-initialization, with std::initializer_list. If the expression1 results into a true value, then the expression2 will execute. This can also be for you to execute a certain operation successfully. In most programming languages, strings are a data type. str = ` `. The following example demonstrates the difference between type checking done with the typeof operator and the is operator: The is, as, and typeof operators can't be overloaded. // "std::getline" names 4 function templates, // 2 of which are candidate functions (correct number of parameters), // P1 = std::basic_istream&, A1 = std::cin, // P2 = std::basic_string&, A2 = s, // deduction determines the type template parameters CharT, Traits, and Allocator, // specialization std::getline, std::allocator>, // P1 = std::basic_istream&&, A1 = std::cin, // overload resolution ranks reference binding from lvalue std::cin, // and picks the first of the two candidate specializations, // std::basic_ostream& (std::basic_ostream&), // std::basic_ostream>& (*)(, // std::basic_ostream>&, // (other overloads of operator<< are not viable), // deduction determines the type template parameters CharT and Traits, // P = T***, A = const int* const* const*, // template void f(T*** p) as if called with the argument, // of type const int* const* const* fails, // additional deduction for conversion functions determines T = int, // (deduced A is int***, convertible to const int* const* const*), // P1 = void(X), A1 = void(int*): deduced X = int*, f(int*), // P2 = void(X*), A2 = void(int*): deduced X = int, f(int*), // f(int*) and f(int*) are then submitted to partial ordering, // which selects f(int*) as the more specialized template, // when X() throws, operator delete is looked up. If the last Pi is a pack expansion, then its pattern is compared against each remaining argument in the template argument list of A. The type that defines a conversion must be either a source type or a target type of that conversion. dobj to the data type specified using type and creates an appropriate result. It is represented by two symbols, i.e., '?' You use both operators to compare values' equality. The types are not a focus for this operator only the values are the major factor. So the triple equality returns false. The following example shows how to use a declaration pattern to check the run-time type of an expression: For information about the supported patterns, see Patterns. // P = B&, adjusted to P = B (a simple-template-id), A = D: // the identity template, often used to exclude specific arguments from deduction, // (available as std::type_identity as of C++20), // P1 = std::vector, A1 = std::vector>, // P1/A1: deduced T = std::complex, // P2/A2: uses T deduced by P1/A1 because T is to the left of:: in P2, // P = decltype(*declval()), A = int: T is in non-deduced context. meth2( CONV #( itab ) ). For instance, if you assign an integer value to a floating-point variable, the compiler will convert the int to float. Unary Operator in C. In this section, we will discuss the unary operator in the C programming language. Strings are typically stored at distinct memory addresses (locations). If the age of the user is greater than or equal to 18, then the statement1 will execute, i.e., (printf("eligible for voting")) otherwise, statement2 will execute, i.e., (printf("not eligible for voting")). A conversion between two user-defined types can be defined in either of the two types. Here are the examples from above: In the case of variable1 and variable2, they have the same values, but the types are not the same. meth2, it cannot be passed directly due to its different table category and key. DATA(xstr) = cl_abap_codepage=>convert_to( source= CONV string( text ) This page has been accessed 617,130 times. The content of the result is determined by an assignment of the argument in accordance with the associated general expression position. DATA itab TYPE SORTED TABLE OF i In this condition, we are checking the age of the user. Let's understand this scenario through an example. Example Even though the internal table itab in the method meth1 has the same row type as the table type of the parameter para of the method meth2, it cannot be passed directly due to its different table category and key. Instead of string?, you can use string. WITH NON-UNIQUE DEFAULT KEY. Implicit conversions are performed whenever an expression of some type T1 is used in context that does not accept that type, but accepts some other type T2; in particular: . If the constructor expression is passed to an actual parameter with generically typed formal parameter, the operand type is derived in accordance with, No empty parentheses can be specified after. P is the return type of the conversion function template. DATA(xstr) = cl_abap_codepage=>convert_to( source = CONV string( text ) codepage = `UTF-8` ). A boxing or unboxing conversion exists from the run-time type of an expression result to type T. The is operator doesn't consider user-defined conversions. calculation type is Developed by JavaTpoint. The conditional operator is also known as a ternary operator. Large and diverse populations of whales, seals, sea lions, and porpoises and Alaska native hunting and fishing communities also share these TYPES t_itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF i Here, the resultant of a+b is converted into int explicitly and then assigned to c. Examples include the following types: These types aren't directly represented in metadata. Instead of JavaScript throwing an error, it coerces the type of one value to fit the type of the other value so that the operation can be carried out. C99 6.4.4.2 Java 1.5 float.hex() C Java C %a Java Double.toHexString float.fromhex() A cast expression of the form (T)E performs an explicit conversion of the result of expression E to type T. If no explicit conversion exists from the type of E to type T, a compile-time error occurs. Alaska waters support some of the most important commercial fisheries in the world. Each match deduces the template arguments for the next position in the pack expansion: If P is a function type, pointer to function type, or pointer to member function type and if A is a set of overloaded functions not containing function templates, template argument deduction is attempted with each overload. If P is a reference type, then the referred type is used in place of P for the following parts of the section. It is represented by two symbols, i.e., '?' When a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase the numeric arguments are converted to a common type, this means that the operator implementation for built-in types works as follows: If either argument is a The type of N in the type T[N] is std::size_t. There's no operation with strings that involves multiplication, so here, the ideal coercion is from string to number (as numbers have compatible operations with multiplication). The method CONVERT_TO of the class CL_ABAP_CODEPAGE expects the data type For more information, see the following sections of the C# language specification: More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, How to safely cast by using pattern matching and the is and as operators. IF txt = CONV abap_bool( str ). A conditional operator is a single programming statement, while the 'if-else' statement is a programming block in which statements come under the parenthesis. The as operator explicitly converts an expression to a given type if its run-time type is compatible with that type. a knowledge base for our external partners. For reference types, the conversion operator. I teach JavaScript / ReactJS / NodeJS / React Frameworks / TypeScript / et al, If you read this far, tweet to the author to show them you care. (For more information about the Convert class, see The Convert Class later in this topic.) In this article. DATA(xstr) = cl_abap_codepage=>convert_to( source = CONV string( text ) codepage = `UTF-8` ). comparison rules for character-like data types. If a non-type template parameter of function template is used in the template parameter list of function parameter (which is also a template), and the corresponding template argument is deduced, the type of the deduced template argument ( as specified in its enclosing template parameter list, meaning references are preserved) must match the type of the non-type template parameter exactly, except that cv-qualifiers are dropped, and except where the template argument is deduced from an array boundin that case any integral type is allowed, even bool though it would always become true: Type template parameter cannot be deduced from the type of a function default argument: Deduction of template template parameter can use the type used in the template specialization used in the function call: Besides function calls and operator expressions, template argument deduction is used in the following situations: Template argument deduction is used in declarations of variables, when deducing the meaning of the auto specifier from the variable's initializer. and ':'. After deduction of U from P and A following the rules described above, the deduced U is substituted into P to get the actual variable type: In direct-list-initialization (but not in copy-list-initalization), when deducing the meaning of the auto from a braced-init-list, the braced-init-list must contain only one element, and the type of auto will be the type of that element: Template argument deduction is used in declarations of functions, when deducing the meaning of the auto specifier in the function's return type, from the return statement. If A is a reference type, the referred type is used by deduction. The conditional statements are the decision-making statements which depends upon the output of the expression. Template argument deduction is used in explicit instantiations, explicit specializations, and those friend declarations where the declarator-id happens to refer to a specialization of a function template (for example, friend ostream& operator<< <> ()), if not all template arguments are explicitly specified or defaulted, template argument deduction is used to determine which template's specialization is referred to. With the plus sign, it is more ideal for the number to be converted to a string (instead of the string converted to a number). As a rule, you should use the Visual Basic type conversion functions in preference to the .NET Framework methods such as ToString(), either on the Convert class or on an individual type structure or class. Cast expressions perform an explicit conversion to a target type. Use the operator and implicit or explicit keywords to define an implicit or explicit conversion, respectively. The typeof operator obtains the System.Type instance for a type. CLASS class DEFINITION. All rights reserved. If dobj The as operator explicitly converts the result of an expression to a given reference or nullable value type. So what happens here if you try to run the code? If there are multiple parameters, each P/A pair is deduced separately and the deduced template arguments are then combined. You can use the is operator both to test if the conversion succeeds and, if it succeeds, assign its result to a new variable. This occurs when a function call is attempted, when an address of a function template is taken, and in some other contexts: This mechanism makes it possible to use template operators, since there is no syntax to specify template arguments for an operator other than by re-writing it as a function call expression: Template argument deduction takes place after the function template name lookup (which may involve argument-dependent lookup) and before template argument substitution (which may involve SFINAE) and overload resolution. Get started, freeCodeCamp is a donor-supported tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (United States Federal Tax Identification Number: 82-0779546). int *p = &a[1]; int *q = &a[5]; If both operands are numeric strings, or one operand is a number and the other one is a numeric string, then the comparison is done numerically.These rules also apply to the switch statement. In the above code, we have declared two variables, i.e., 'a' and 'b', and assign 5 value to the 'a' variable. P and A are the same as in a regular function call: If deduction fails, or if deduction succeeds, but the specialization it produces would be invalid (for example, an overloaded operator whose parameters are neither class nor enumeration types), the specialization is not included in the overload set, similar to SFINAE. in the deduction for conversion operator templates, the expression of a decltype-specifier was not a non-deduced context, effect of implicit conversions of the arguments, cannot deduce array bound and element type from a, deducing a reference non-type parameter did not. SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP Release 750, Copyright 2016 SAP AG. PRIVATE SECTION. If both arguments are numbers, then they are compared as such. There are some operations that you might try to execute in JavaScript which are literally not possible. f and the end result is converted to i. This is useful when you don't know what type you're expecting for a value. Well, JavaScript is a weakly typed language. You can also use the typeof operator with unbound generic types. Type coercion does not occur here, so there are no unexpected answers. In JavaScript, there's both the double equality operator (== which is called the loose equality operator) and the triple equality operator (=== which is called the strict equality operator). int a,c; float b; c = (int) a + b. type must be byte-like or character-like with the type c or string. If there are no matches or more than one match (after partial ordering), the function declaration is ill-formed: Template argument deduction is used when determining if a deallocation function template specialization matches a given placement form of operator new. Here, variable1 is the value false (boolean type) and variable2 is the value "" (an empty string, of the string type). To explicitly convert types, you use the type Constructors. Search. Implicit Type Conversion is also known (and more commonly referred to) as Coercion while Explicit Type Conversion is also known as Type Casting. If the value of 'a' is equal to 5 then 'b' is assigned with a 3 value otherwise 2. Parameters with dependent types in which no template-parameters participate in template argument deduction, and parameters that became non-dependent due to substitution of explicitly-specified template arguments will be checked during overload resolution: The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards. If P has one of the forms that include a function parameter list (T), then each parameter Pi from that list is compared with the corresponding argument Ai from A's function parameter list. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. The is operator also tests an expression result against a pattern. All arithmetic operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++. Template argument deduction is used during partial ordering of overloaded function templates. Forms can be nested and processed recursively: Type template argument cannot be deduced from the type of a non-type template argument: When the value of the argument corresponding to a non-type template parameter P that is declared with a dependent type is deduced from an expression, the template parameters in the type of P are deduced from the type of the value. For auto-returning functions, the parameter P is obtained as follows: in T, the declared return type of the function that includes auto, every occurrence of auto is replaced with an imaginary type template parameter U. The above output shows that the value of 'b' variable is 3 because the value of 'a' variable is equal to 5. Before the conversion is performed, a runtime check is done to see if the destination type can hold the source value. Our high quality research supports sustainable management and conservation of Alaska marine species with economic and cultural benefits for the nation. For more information, see C# operators. All the latest news, views, sport and pictures from Dumfries and Galloway. and ':'. To handle such narrowing conversions, .NET allows types to define an Explicit operator. Template argument deduction attempts to determine template arguments (types for type template parameters Ti, templates for template template parameters TTi, and values for non-type template parameters Ii), which can be substituted into each parameter P to produce the type deduced A, which is the same as the type of the argument A, after adjustments listed below. The compiler will automatically change one type of data into another if it makes sense. For example, data coming from an API. Donations to freeCodeCamp go toward our education initiatives, and help pay for servers, services, and staff. Thus, "0"==0 evaluates to false, and t[0] and t["0"] denote different entries in a table. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. Note: the meaning of decltype(auto) placeholder in variable and function declarations does not use template argument deduction. The behavior of the conditional operator is similar to the 'if-else' statement as 'if-else' statement is also a decision-making statement. In the above syntax, the expression1 is a Boolean condition that can be either true or false value. A is the type that is required as the result of the conversion. These operators and expressions perform type checking or type conversion. codepage= `UTF-8` ). If the usual deduction from P and A (as described above) fails, the following alternatives are additionally considered: See member template for other rules regarding conversion function templates. After the declaration, we are assigning value to the 'b' variable by using the conditional operator. Other use of parentheses is to adjust the order in which to evaluate operations in an expression. All rights reserved. If the last Pi is a pack expansion, then its declarator is compared with each remaining Ai in the parameter type list of A. METHOD meth2. Values in JavaScript. However, it cannot convert another type to a value of a nullable type, even if conversionType is the underlying type of the Nullable.To perform the conversion, you can use a casting operator (in C#) or a conversion function (in Visual Basic). After taking input, we have applied the condition by using a conditional operator. The is operator checks if the run-time type of an expression is compatible with a given type. The following can be specified for type: The parentheses must contain precisely one unnamed argument dobj that can We accomplish this by creating thousands of videos, articles, and interactive coding lessons - all freely available to the public. Shop for sensing, monitoring and control solutions for temperature, pressure, load strain, flow, level, pH, and more with expert support. can be specified before the data object to define local auxiliary fields. Coercion is usually caused by different operators used between different data types: One very common operator that causes coercion is the loose equality operator (==, or double equals). Implicit type conversion will be used where needed. The OG. Type casting can be applied to compatible data types as well as incompatible data types. Generally, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session. Cast expressions perform an explicit conversion to a target type. ENDCLASS. In this article, we've seen how type conversion works in JavaScript both implicitly and explicitly with examples. This happens implicitly when you try to use some operators between values of different types. In order to instantiate a function template, every template argument must be known, but not every template argument has to be specified. Now, we will see how a conditional operator is used to assign the value to a variable. P is the type of the function template that is being considered as a potential match, and A is the function type of the deallocation function that would be the match for the placement operator new under consideration. be converted to the data type type, with the following restriction: If dobj is specified as a The expression with the type-testing is operator has the following form. The following example demonstrates explicit numeric and reference conversions: For information about supported explicit conversions, see the Explicit conversions section of the C# language specification. The is operator returns true when an expression result is non-null and any of the following conditions are true: The run-time type of an expression result is T. The run-time type of an expression result derives from type T, implements interface T, or another implicit reference conversion exists from it to T. The run-time type of an expression result is a nullable value type with the underlying type T and the Nullable.HasValue is true. The first logical expression is false, as specified in the RFC 7231 HTTP/1.1 Semantics and Content June 2014 Media types are defined in Section 3.1.1.1.An example of the field is Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-4 A sender that generates a message containing a payload body SHOULD generate a Content-Type header field in that message unless the intended media type of the enclosed representation is unknown to the To get the System.Type instance for the run-time type of an expression result, use the Object.GetType method. PUBLIC SECTION. The type of B in noexcept(B) specifier of a function type is bool. CONV is used to alter the comparison type of the second comparison so that the comparison is true. The nested ternary operator is more complex and cannot be easily debugged, while the nested 'if-else' statement is easy to read and maintain. If such function has no return statement, A is void() when deducing. expression is specified, a warning is produced after conversions to compatible types, since LET can be used to construct new values using utility variables. As the name implies, type conversion is the process of converting a value from one type to another. The two calculations produce different results. Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. The argument A is the initializer expression. The argument to the typeof operator must be the name of a type or a type parameter, as the following example shows: The argument mustn't be a type that requires metadata annotations. Instead of dynamic, you can use object. A constructor expression with the conversion operator CONV The function type of the function template is P. The target type is the type of A: An additional rule is applied to the deduction in this case: when comparing function parameters Pi and Ai, if any Pi is an rvalue reference to cv-unqualified template parameter (a "forwarding reference") and the corresponding Ai is an lvalue reference, then Pi is adjusted to the template parameter type (T&& becomes T). Let's say an API is configured to return a string, maybe "50" and you want to compare it to a number using strict equality like this: In such a case, you want to first ensure that the value is a number type explicitly (instead of relying on the double equality to trigger coercion) before doing the check: Because JavaScript is a weakly typed language, sometimes you can have unexpected type conversions. 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